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WILSON’S WARBLER  Cardellina pusilla 11–12cm. Winter migrant to foothill

and highland forest, woodland, second growth. Mainly at low to mid-levels in

shady understory. Active, sallying frequently for insects, tail often cocked and

flipped loosely; joins mixed flocks. Note beady black eye, habits; often has a

black cap. Tail lacks white flashes, cf. female Hooded Warbler. Comprises 2

groups, perhaps cryptic species: Western Wilson’s Warbler C. [p.] pileolata

(from w. N America) brighter overall, often with orangey lores; both sexes have

glossy black cap. Eastern Wilson’s Warbler C. [p.] pusilla (from n. N America)

duller, more greenish overall, female lacks black cap. SOUNDS: Fairly dry chep,

rather flat. STATUS: Fairly common to common Oct–Apr on both slopes, wintering mainly above 900m;

more widespread in migration, Sep–Oct, Apr to mid-May, when regular in lowlands. Relative status of

Western (common, widespread) and Eastern (uncommon?) needs study. (Breeds N America, winters

Mexico to Panama.)

HOODED WARBLER  Setophaga citrina 12–13cm. Winter migrant to humid

lowland forest and edge, taller second growth, plantations. At low to mid-levels,

often on forest floor; hops around, frequently flashing white tail patches. Male

striking and distinctive; plainer females told by open yellow face, habits, white

tail flashes, voice, cf. Wilson’s Warbler. SOUNDS: High tinny tink, not as em­

phatic as waterthrushes. STATUS: Uncommon to scarce Oct–Apr on both slopes

to 1200m, rarely higher; more widespread in migration, Sep–Oct, late Mar to

mid-May. (Breeds e. US, winters Mexico to Panama.)

KENTUCKY WARBLER  Geothlypis formosa 12.5–13.5cm. Winter migrant to

humid lowland forest, taller second growth, gallery forest, plantations. On or

near shady forest floor, where hops around and usually rather retiring. Yellow

spectacles and broad dark ‘sideburns’ distinctive; adult male face blackest, often

with blue-gray edging on crown. SOUNDS: Full deep tchuk, richer and deeper

than Ovenbird. STATUS: Fairly common to uncommon Sep–Apr on both slopes,

locally to 1800m; scarce and local in drier nw. lowlands. (Breeds e. US, winters

Mexico to nw. S America.)

MACGILLIVRAY’S WARBLER  Geothlypis tolmiei 12–13cm. Winter migrant

to brushy woodland and edge, thickets, second growth. Fairly skulking, at low

to mid-levels in understory and thickets; hops like a yellowthroat. Gray hood

with thick white eye-arcs distinctive; also note voice, behavior; cf. imm. Mourn-

ing Warbler. SOUNDS: Slightly wet smacking tchik, similar to some variations of

Common Yellowthroat but usually higher, sharper. STATUS: Uncommon to rare

Oct–Apr on both slopes, wintering mainly 1000–2000m; more widespread in

migration, mid-Sep to Oct, Apr to mid-May; rare s. of mapped range. (Breeds

w. N America, winters Mexico to w. Panama.)

MOURNING WARBLER  Geothlypis philadelphia 12–13cm. Winter migrant to

lowland forest and woodland, plantations, second growth. Skulking, at low to

mid-levels in understory and thickets; hops like a yellowthroat. Imm. told from

MacGillivray’s Warbler by call, lack of bold white eye-arcs (Mourning has nar-

rower, broken eyering or pale yellowish spectacles), and yellowish wash to

throat. SOUNDS: Slightly liquid tchet. STATUS: Fairly common to uncommon

Oct–Apr on both slopes, to 1500m; more widespread in migration, mid-Sep

to early Nov, Apr to mid-May. (Breeds n. N America, winters Nicaragua to nw.

S America.)